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Of Welfare: Welfare provision from the national to the transformation of multiple departments

Key words: welfare pluralism / luxury per sector welfare state / social policy
Social policy research to move forward along a different paradigm. Classical liberal emphasis on market forces, giving the market exchange relationship in the dominant position. In the industrial revolution, social policies play a Under the guidance of laissez-faire ideology,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], social policy in addressing With the development of the West into the post-industrial stage of state intervention to solve social problems Cairns - Beveridge's dominant paradigm of social policy. Western countries have established after World War II welfare state, social policies have played an irreplaceable role. Countries to consolidate the system of welfare capitalism. However, as time goes by, over-reliance on government welfare to provide a recognized problem, Welfare pluralism in this context is proposed, which advocates the diversification of sources of social welfare, we can not completely rely on the market can not be completely dependent on state welfare is the product of the whole society. It became the 20th century, social policy research since the 80's a new paradigm.
First, the role of the welfare state historical evolution
Any development of the theory are derived from some historical background, has a certain path dependency, welfare pluralism as a social policy analysis perspective is no exception. Rise time from point of view, it is in the welfare state has experienced a quarter of a century of expansion, in the 20th century reveal the mid-70s after the crisis generated. Examine the underlying value of the welfare state ideology, the role of the State is undoubtedly the focus of discussion. This section by reviewing the historical evolution of the role of the welfare state, and then analyzes the changing role of the State, the welfare pluralism paradigm background.
(A) the role of the welfare state tend to show the originator of the welfare state dates back to 1883, the German health insurance, when the Industrial Revolution began in Western countries generally, the growing weakness of agriculture; urbanization, industrialization and booming, because of the recession cycle of poverty caused the increasing number of families, in recognition of more and more people may due to illness, aging, death, injury and other reasons can no longer face long working life unbearable poverty, those in power in the social insurance in the search for answers, trying to order in advance to avoid the risk of industrial rather than post-processing. Most Western European countries soon followed suit in Germany, after World War II to establish a healthy, injury, pension, unemployment insurance plan; and American National Insurance Scheme until the 20th century until the Great Depression 30's introduced. workers for specific risks and insurance protection program.
(B) the role of the welfare state growth stage of the growth of the welfare state is the mid-20th century. This period covered by social insurance in terms of population or the level of protection have been great development, originally designed to address specific groups plan was to relax restrictions gradually extended to all the people, initially set to close to the minimum living standard line level of assistance is also raised to meet the reasonable standard level of mainstream society. Keynesian almost dominant position in the global access to World War II, rapid economic development, the development of powerful economic growth of the welfare state provides a solid backing. The result of this process is the middle class into the framework of the welfare state. Universal coverage of social welfare, thus enabling almost all income groups have gradually become more and more dependent on government help, the Government provides benefits play an increasingly important role.
(C) the role of the mature welfare state welfare state of maturity of 60 years from the 20th century to the mid 70s. This period of sustained economic prosperity, people's living standard has improved steadily, the concept of free and open society, new political elections raised minorities, women, disabled people and others civil rights and social rights, it was noted that the social injustice in all its aspects, economic development so that people are willing to support welfare programs to improve civil rights and employment opportunities.
During this period, European countries continue to expand welfare programs, such as through vocational training, employment subsidies and relaxed regulations of sick leave and work on supporting measures to increase the unemployed or underemployed workers assistance; U.S. Although reluctant to adopt any form of a clear concept of social welfare, the welfare of the expansion is obvious, such as the United States, Great Society program (GreatSoclets) including vocational training, food stamps, medical insurance and medical care, mental health and social services, ethnic minorities, socially excluded groups had a positive impact.
(D) the role of the welfare state contraction phase contraction of the welfare state from the 20th century began in the late 70s. Oil crisis marked the golden age of post-war economic development has ended, while the economic stagflation, increased demand for social welfare, mainly because of population aging, the unemployment problem is serious. Unequal distribution of income and wealth situation of expanding the class conflict between the expansion of the tax and expenditure system, people make ends meet. Social and economic failures of the welfare state have serious political consequences, almost all of the welfare state became an object of criticism.
Contraction, represented by Anglo-American faction began to abandon the commitment to full employment, even though they did not dare openly to abandon universal commitment to community service, but action has significantly reduced government welfare spending began. Welfare state in the course of several decades of development, the concept of social rights has been firmly established. Contraction of political pressure and other factors that can not be sent round to the right social policies. Sweden and Austria as the representative to send the maintenance of post-war welfare state, while still maintaining the level of expenditure, the implementation of the commitment to full employment, but the action has also been reduced welfare spending. Reduce welfare spending by government departments, the means to reduce the size of the welfare state, the welfare responsibilities to local or other authorities, a single subject from the national security responsibilities into multiple subjects. Welfare pluralism in this context is to solve the crisis of the welfare state put forward a new theoretical paradigm.
Second, the welfare state Critical
economic stagnation in many countries find it difficult to maintain a high level of state welfare spending, the welfare state system also did not design a perfect, one after another of its critics. Welfare state what was wrong? Economic Cooperation crisis on the welfare state in four areas: 1. Ideology and values of the conflict; 2. The economic recession crisis; 3. Political and legal aspects of crisis; 4 . welfare spending crisis. Mishra pointed out that the welfare state is facing a crisis in four areas: 1. Political and legal aspects of crisis; 2. Welfare provision and management of the crisis; 3. The financial crisis; 4. The economic crisis.
On both left and right are critical of the welfare state. By Hayek, Friedman, Schumpeter New Right,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], represented an ideal society that Government intervention should be limited to the minimum level, let the market play a bigger role. The reason is that the market is the best way to find that people need; market to the widest possible freedom of choice, encourage competition in favor of consumers and reduce the bureaucratic inefficiency of the bureaucracy the evils, so that the development of more democratic society also more suitable for human nature. Countries should only be required to play-makers and supervisors, who are unable to work on the provision of certain services should not interfere too much. Create a new right that universal welfare state is not feasible,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], supporters of the welfare state and social order of human nature lacks a rational understanding of the welfare state is not only a threat to human freedom and destroys the economic, political and cultural development. Neo-Marxist scholars of the welfare state also raised harsh criticism, such as the UK's Gough (Ian Cough), Germany, Ophelia (Claus Offe). Leftist scholars use conflict (contradiction) to describe the nature of the welfare state, the most typical argument from Ophelia: are: the welfare state is only a tool for legitimizing the capitalist system, its function is to help the accumulation of capital, labor, reproduction and maintenance of political stability, its operation and can not meet people's needs, and ultimately and inevitably produce a financial crisis caused by capitalism, a more serious conflict within the and contradictions.
Instead of some new concept of the welfare state has also been proposed, such as the welfare state (nco-industrial welfare state), to help themselves state (enahlingstate), the privatization of the welfare state (privatization Of th ewelfare srate), public-private partnerships (public-private sector partnerships), welfare pluralism (welfare pluralism), a welfare society (welfare societv), combination of welfare state (corporatist welfare state), market socialism (market socialism) and so on. All of these criticisms and concepts have a common characteristic, that is advocating the introduction of non-governmental forces to make up for shortcomings of government departments, against too much emphasis on the State's role in welfare provision, to enhance the welfare of other departments to provide functions, the development of a pluralistic, mixed welfare system.
Third, welfare pluralism theory
Crisis in the context of the welfare state, in the criticism of the welfare state, welfare pluralism theory appeared. This theory is sometimes also called mixed welfare economy (the mixed economy of welfare), it has been 70 years since the 20th century in the field of social policy play an increasingly important role. The field of social policy in the West, welfare pluralism refers to the welfare of the major rules, funding and provision of different departments were responsible, jointly completed. But due to economic conditions, ideological differences, welfare pluralism, the focus of the composition and function of some differences, such as the welfare model of the trichotomy Anderson, in the freedom of the welfare state model, the state stands for market intervention in social benefits, regardless of the minimum guarantee is to take a negative or positive subsidies to private social welfare programs; in the conservative welfare state model,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the emphasis on traditional family values, the principle of state intervention only when the family was allowed only when the energy depletion; in social democratic welfare state model, the emphasis on national commitment and responsibility for welfare, citizens enjoy a high level of benefits. Nevertheless, the welfare pluralism has been widely accepted view, it is not only conducive to the welfare state to explain the crisis situation, and proposed the development direction of the welfare state in transition.
(A) the origin of the concept of welfare pluralism and content of the concept of welfare pluralism in social policy and related fields caused widespread concern, it first from the British in 1978, use. Wall Fender report advocates the voluntary social welfare organizations are also satisfied that the person providing the ranks, will be used in the British welfare pluralism of social policy practice. However, there are clear welfare pluralism should be discussed in Ross, in his Ross, the concept of the welfare state first be clarified that the welfare state is a familiar concept, but likely to cause ambiguity, in particular, it is easy to mistakenly believe that welfare is entirely government. Indeed, in the provision of welfare state plays an important role, but by no means the monopoly on welfare. Secondly, he advocated welfare is the product of the whole society, markets, employees, family and the state must provide benefits, giving up the market and the family, so that the State was wrong to assume full responsibility. Market, the state and the family in the sum of social welfare provided that the total social welfare, with the formula as: TWS = HMS. TWS is the total social welfare, H is the welfare of families, M is the market to provide the benefits, S is the state-provided benefits. The welfare state is now the main producer, but not the only source. Market is also a source of welfare, whether individual or family must be purchased from the market, benefits, workers receive benefits through wage labor; from a historical point of view, the basic welfare of the family has always been the provider. Again, markets, countries and the welfare of the family as a single provider there are certain defects in the three departments together to complement each other strengths. Such as the provision of social welfare state in order to correct the provide benefits to compensate for market and state failure. Finally,? Kun is co-welfare countries social welfare when the increase did not completely rule out the market by the family and social welfare, the three together to provide welfare services, this mixed community (mixed society) is produced. It recognizes the importance of the national tax benefits, but also stressed the market and the family's contribution to social welfare. In short, the state, market and competition between families is not so much the relationship, as it is mutually complementary relationship, the three counter-balance, one of the growth in the contribution of other parties with an alternative.
Crisis in the era of welfare states, Ross theory of pluralism on the welfare state because the emphasis on social sectors other than the role of welfare attention, and later many scholars use the theory of welfare pluralism to construct their analytical framework.
(B) of Welfare of the rule of thirds on welfare pluralism from the Ross analytical point of view, he actually means by the trichotomy, that welfare providers by the state, market and household composition. This analytical framework for the German scholar Yi Wasi (Evers) the development of the research base on Ross, Yi Wasi proposed welfare triangle paradigm. He believes that Ross on the definition of welfare pluralism is too simple, should be the welfare triangle analysis framework on cultural, economic and political context, and specifically into the triangle in the corresponding three-way organization, values and social membership. (Market) economy corresponds to a formal organization, reflects the value of choice and autonomy, as members of society is established actors (market) economic relations; state corresponds to the public, to embody the values of equality and security, community members as actors and the state of the relationship is; family is a combination of informal and private, at the micro level, reflects the unity and shared values, community members as actors are and the society. Welfare triangle shows the interaction between the three parties. (Market) economy to provide the employment benefits; individual effort, family protection and welfare of the community the core of the informal mutual assistance; national social welfare system through the formal redistribution of social resources. In a certain cultural, economic, social and political context, the State-provided social welfare benefits and families can share family members of society in the event of market failure risks.
Olson also abandoned the traditional binary sub-state and market law, and to change the use of national, market and civil society (family, neighborhood, voluntary organizations, etc.) of the Rule of Thirds to analyze the welfare state. He used the concept of civil society to discuss the welfare of decentralization and privatization, that provide benefits to civil society organizations, development can be foreseen.
Whatever explanation, the researchers stressed the benefits from the tripartite interaction between balance and stability. Once equilibrium is broken, too much emphasis on the role of the State, will have a welfare state crisis. Triangular Theory of special attention to the welfare system in three of the interactive process between actors and system. Welfare of the people from their labor markets through employment from welfare families from their lives of informal welfare, and only when they are in the market failure and family problems, the state did assume the role of resolving the crisis, the state is not provided the welfare of the people who get all the welfare triangle, it and the market,[link widoczny dla zalogowanych], the family received welfare of the people as part of provider.